Experienced Botox injector New Westminster

Experienced Botox injector New Westminster

Botulinum toxin type B

To make your experience even more rewarding, Manhas Health Co offers exclusive specials and promotions on our botox and filler treatments. If you experience any unexpected side effects or have concerns, don't hesitate to contact your provider for advice and guidance. Learn more about Botox and Filler treatments in New Westminster here. Embarking on your journey with Manhas Health Co, you'll discover the transformative power of our Botox and filler treatments, revitalizing your skin to reveal a more youthful you. After the procedure, it's common to experience some redness, swelling, or bruising at the injection sites, but these side effects are typically mild and disappear within a few days. Learn more about Experienced Botox injector New Westminster here At Manhas Health Co, we're committed to helping you look and feel your best.
At Manhas Health Co., you're not just another appointment on the calendar. Xeomin It's the first step towards achieving the youthful skin you've been dreaming of. Our clinic follows strict hygiene practices, using only sterile, single-use equipment for each procedure. Many clients find that combining Botox with fillers offers a comprehensive approach to achieving a more youthful and balanced appearance.
Choosing Manhas Health Co. for your Botox and filler treatments ensures you're entrusting your care to experienced professionals. Onabotulinum toxin A They can plump thin lips, enhance shallow contours, soften facial creases, remove wrinkles, and improve the appearance of recessed scars. Our staff plays a crucial role in fostering this comfortable setting. This knowledge allows them to administer treatments that complement your unique facial structure, minimizing risks and maximizing outcomes.
Our team consists of certified professionals who've undergone extensive training in administering Botox and fillers. This quick turnaround means you can enhance your look almost in real time, perfect for upcoming events or just boosting your confidence. Botox and fillers, though often lumped together, serve distinct purposes. Trust us to provide you with a treatment plan that's as unique as you are.

You can book your appointment through their user-friendly website or give them a call if you prefer a more personal touch. Type C1 botulinum toxin While Botox relaxes the muscles to smooth out lines and wrinkles, fillers add volume and contour to the face. Your journey with us is a partnership, and it starts with this personalized consultation. What sets them apart is their personalized care approach, promising a journey that's as comforting as it is transformative. It's not just about filling in lines; it's about sculpting your face subtly and enhancing your natural beauty.

You'll see real results on real people, highlighting the natural-looking outcomes we're known for. C6760H10447N1743O2010S32 We'll discuss your medical history and any allergies to ensure you're a suitable candidate, minimizing any risks. You're likely familiar with the vast array of options available for cosmetic enhancements, but what sets Manhas Health Co. apart is its unique blend of expert team credentials, cutting-edge treatment techniques, and a personalized approach to each client's journey. Trust in our expertise to guide you through the process, from consultation to post-treatment care.

They ensure you're well-informed about the procedures, the products used, and what you can realistically expect in terms of results and recovery. High-intensity activities can increase blood flow to your face, affecting the treatment's settling process. They use techniques like micro-cannula injections, which reduce tissue trauma compared to traditional needles. Let's embark on this journey together.

The key is in the skillful application by experienced professionals who understand how to harmonize these treatments to reflect your unique facial features and aesthetic goals. Plus, when administered by a professional like those at Manhas Health Co., Botox injections are safe, with side effects being rare and generally mild. This aspect is particularly appealing if you're experimenting with cosmetic enhancements for the first time. They're not just about delivering exceptional results; they're also committed to ensuring your comfort and satisfaction throughout the entire process.

Wrinkle reduction New Westminster

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Botulinum toxin Description for Botulinum toxin Source
Skeletal muscle Description for Skeletal muscle Source
Eyelid Description for Eyelid Source
Eye drop Description for Eye drop Source
Injectable filler Description for Injectable filler Source
Marionette lines Description for Marionette lines Source
Lip Description for Lip Source
Dermatology Description for Dermatology Source
Mohs surgery Description for Mohs surgery Source
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Varicose veins Description for Varicose veins Source
Melanocytic nevus Description for Melanocytic nevus Source
Collagen induction therapy Description for Collagen induction therapy Source
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New Westminster Description for New Westminster Source
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Rhinoplasty Description for Rhinoplasty Source
Masseter muscle Description for Masseter muscle Source
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Botox for frown lines New Westminster

It is located on the banks of the Fraser River as it turns southwest towards its estuary, on the southwest side of the Burrard Peninsula, and roughly at the centre of the Greater Vancouver region.

Lip enhancement New Westminster

Nearby Tourist Attractions

New Westminster Museum

Tourist attraction, Archive, Museum
New Westminster Museum, 777 Columbia St, New Westminster, BC V3M 1B6
Small contemporary exhibition of local historical artifacts, records, photos & vehicles.

Fraser River Discovery Centre

Visitor center, Art museum, Children's amusement center, Science museum, Tourist attraction
Fraser River Discovery Centre, 788 Quayside Dr, New Westminster, BC V3M 6Z6
Modern museum featuring hands-on educational exhibits about the Fraser River & its history.

Samson V Museum

Tourist attraction, Historical landmark, Historical place museum
Samson V Museum, 880 Quayside Dr, New Westminster, BC V3M 6G1

FRASER RIVER NEW WESTMINSTER BC CANADÁ

Tourist attraction
FRASER RIVER NEW WESTMINSTER BC CANADÁ, Quayside Dr, New Westminster, BC V3M 6T8

Charles Rummel Park

Tourist attraction, Park
Charles Rummel Park, 3325 Piper Ave, Burnaby, BC V5A 2A8
Park featuring a playground with a splash area, plus a ball diamond, walking paths & restrooms.


Citations and other links

Facial filler contouring Experienced Botox injector New Westminster

During the assessment, they'll evaluate your skin's condition, structure, and any underlying issues that might affect the outcome of Botox or filler treatments. Type C botulinum toxin At Manhas Health Co., they understand that everyone's skin and body react differently to treatments. They're used to add volume to areas that have thinned due to aging, such as the cheeks, lips, and around the mouth.

Experienced Botox injector New Westminster - Botulinum G toxin

  1. LetibotulinumtoxinA
  2. Jeuvea
  3. BOTOX
  4. Dysport A
  5. Botulinum D toxin
  6. Botulinum Toxin
  7. Botulinum toxin type a
  8. Oculinum
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  10. Botulinum toxin type b
  11. Botulinum toxin F
  12. Botulinum toxin type F
  13. Botulinum toxin A
  14. Botulinum
  15. Type D botulinum toxin
You'll leave your consultation with a clear treatment plan designed just for you.

They'll evaluate your needs, discuss potential treatments, and outline what you can expect in terms of results and care. You'll sit down with a skilled specialist who'll listen intently to your concerns, wishes, and the areas you'd like to improve. Your journey with us doesn't end after your treatment.

That's why we've created an environment where you'll feel informed, relaxed, and above all, safe. Choosing Manhas Health Co. means you're choosing a team that's not only credentialed but deeply passionate about helping you look and feel your best. You'll find Manhas Health Co. Botulinum toxin type E sponsoring local events, from charity runs to community health fairs, demonstrating their commitment to wellness that encompasses more than just the physical.

Their friendly staff are ready to assist you, answering any preliminary questions you might've about Botox and filler services. Your journey begins with a consultation at Manhas Health Co, where you'll discuss your concerns and goals. They're also better equipped to handle any unforeseen complications, should they arise.

Facial filler contouring Experienced Botox injector New Westminster
Customized Botox plans Experienced Botox injector New Westminster

Customized Botox plans Experienced Botox injector New Westminster

These procedures are generally safe when performed by experienced professionals like those at Manhas Health Co. Lastly, the longevity of results might be on your mind. In choosing Manhas Health Co., you're not just choosing quality treatments; you're embracing a modern, sophisticated approach to beauty. The treatment is straightforward. Stay hydrated and maintain a gentle skincare routine.

They truly go above and beyond to meet and exceed your expectations. Lastly, be patient. The clinic is just a stone's throw away from major transit routes, making your journey there as smooth as possible. This one-on-one time ensures that we're on the same page and that your treatment plan is as unique as you are.

Experienced Botox injector New Westminster - Type C1 botulinum toxin

  • Botulinum toxin type B
  • PrabotulinumtoxinA
  • Type C botulinum toxin
  • C6760H10447N1743O2010S32
  • Botulinum A toxin
  • Onabotulinum toxin A
  • IncobotulinumtoxinA
  • Type F botulinum toxin
  • Botulinum toxin type E
  • Botulinum G toxin
  • Type C1 botulinum toxin
  • AbobotulinumtoxinA
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  • Xeomin
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  • Botulismotoxin
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You'll see results almost immediately after your treatment at Manhas Health Co.

Experienced Botox injector New Westminster - Botulinum A toxin

  • Botulismotoxin
  • OnabotulinumtoxinA
  • LetibotulinumtoxinA
  • Jeuvea
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  • Dysport A
  • Botulinum D toxin
  • Botulinum Toxin
  • Botulinum toxin type a
  • Oculinum
  • EC 3.4.24.69
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  • Botulinum toxin F
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You'll find a selection designed to meet your specific needs, whether you're looking to soften smile lines, restore cheek volume, or plump your lips for that perfect pout. From the moment you step into their clinic, you're greeted with a warm, welcoming atmosphere that makes you feel at ease. At Manhas Health Co, we're committed to making your aesthetic journey as unique as you are, ensuring you walk out feeling confident and refreshed.

At Manhas Health Co, you're not just enhancing your appearance; you're taking a step towards the confident, radiant version of yourself. Seeing is believing when it comes to the transformative effects of Botox and fillers, and the before and after photos from Manhas Health Co. offer compelling evidence of their expertise. It's equally important to stay upright for about 4 hours after your treatment. That's what we aim for.

Filler results Experienced Botox injector New Westminster

You'll leave our clinic not just feeling revitalized but also reassured, knowing that you've received care that's not just effective but also prioritizes your well-being above all. Imagine stepping into a world where the art of enhancing natural beauty is mastered to perfection. Choosing Manhas Health Co means choosing peace of mind along with exceptional results. Maintaining your new look will require follow-up appointments, but don't worry; we'll guide you every step of the way. They see your consultation as the beginning of a journey, with follow-up appointments to monitor your progress and adjust the plan as needed.
With Manhas Health Co., achieving natural results isn't just a possibility; it's a promise. The procedure is quick, usually done within an hour, and results are immediate. Our skilled professionals use only the highest quality products to ensure you receive the best possible outcome with minimal discomfort. Typically, Botox touch-ups are needed every 3 to 6 months, while filler adjustments might be less frequent, depending on the type used and the area treated. IncobotulinumtoxinA
Stick around as we explore the science behind the beauty, the benefits, and how addressing common concerns with professionalism and safety can enhance your natural beauty in ways you've yet to imagine. Their welcoming clinic atmosphere makes every visit a comfortable and positive experience. They'll also explain the different services they offer, from Botox to fillers, and help you understand what to expect during your procedure. Read more about Experienced Botox injector New Westminster here They're about sustainable beauty.
But what sets them apart from the crowd in a city teeming with options? From the moment you walk in, you'll notice the difference. Botulinum toxin type C1 The entire process is quick, often taking less than an hour, allowing you to return to your daily activities with minimal downtime. We ensure your treatments are both safe and effective by using only the highest quality Botox and filler products available on the market.

Filler results Experienced Botox injector New Westminster
Injectables for facial definition Experienced Botox injector New Westminster
Injectables for facial definition Experienced Botox injector New Westminster

With a meticulous approach, they ensure results are subtle yet effective, preserving your unique facial expressions. First off, the treatment itself is quick, usually taking no more than 10 to 15 minutes. It's all about creating a tailored plan that aligns with your needs and lifestyle, ensuring you feel confident and informed every step of the way. Steer clear of strenuous exercise for 24 to 48 hours to ensure the product settles correctly.

We also discuss aftercare and any necessary follow-up appointments, setting a clear path towards achieving your aesthetic goals. Whether it's smoothing out fine lines with Botox or adding volume with fillers, they apply each treatment with a meticulous hand. If you have concerns or need adjustments, they're responsive and accommodating.

Instead of a one-size-fits-all approach, you'll engage in a one-on-one conversation with a skilled professional who's genuinely interested in understanding what you hope to achieve and how best to get you there. Their specialists aren't only highly trained in the latest techniques, but they also prioritize a personalized approach, ensuring that every treatment plan is tailored to meet your unique needs and aesthetic goals.

Experienced Botox injector New Westminster - Type C botulinum toxin

  • Botulinum toxin type C1
  • Xeomin
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  • Botulismotoxin
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  • Dysport A
  • Botulinum D toxin
  • Botulinum Toxin
  • Botulinum toxin type a
  • Oculinum
  • EC 3.4.24.69
  • Botulinum toxin type b
  • Botulinum toxin F
  • Botulinum toxin type F
  • Botulinum toxin A
  • Botulinum
Their team stays ahead of the curve, continuously training in the latest advancements to ensure you're getting the safest, most effective treatments available.

There's ample parking available nearby, so you can focus on your appointment rather than circling blocks looking for a spot. At Manhas Health Co, they understand that deciding to undergo cosmetic procedures is significant. However, it's crucial to choose a reputable provider like Manhas Health Co, where experienced professionals ensure the correct dosage and proper technique.



Experienced Botox injector New Westminster - Botulinum toxin type B

  1. Botulinum toxin type A
  2. Botulism toxin
  3. EvabotulinumtoxinA
  4. RelabotulinumtoxinA
  5. Botulinumtoxin
  6. Botulinum neurotoxin
  7. Botulinum toxin B
  8. Botulin
  9. Bo tox
  10. RimabotulinumtoxinB
  11. Botulinum toxin E
  12. Botulinum toxin C2
  13. Botulinum toxin type D
  14. Myobloc
  15. Botulinal toxin
  16. Botulinum C1 toxin
  17. Botulinum toxin type C1
  18. Xeomin
  19. Botox Treatment
  20. ATCvet code QM03AX01
Facial fillers near me Experienced Botox injector New Westminster

With a range of customized treatment plans that cater specifically to your skin's unique needs, you're not just another face in the crowd.

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  1. Botulinum toxin C2
  2. Botulinum toxin type D
  3. Myobloc
  4. Botulinal toxin
  5. Type C1 botulinum toxin
  6. AbobotulinumtoxinA
  7. Botulinum C1 toxin
  8. Botulinum toxin type C1
  9. Xeomin
  10. Botox Treatment
  11. ATCvet code QM03AX01
  12. Botulismotoxin
  13. OnabotulinumtoxinA
  14. LetibotulinumtoxinA
  15. Jeuvea
  16. BOTOX
  17. Dysport A
  18. Botulinum D toxin
  19. Botulinum Toxin
  20. Botulinum toxin type a
They're not just skilled; they're passionate about providing care that ensures your comfort and well-being throughout the process. The procedure is quick, often taking less than an hour, with minimal downtime. They use only the highest quality products, approved by health authorities, and their specialists are extensively trained to apply the latest techniques with precision and care.
Their effects can last from 6 months to over a year, depending on the type of filler used and the area treated. In the quest to turn back the hands of time or simply enhance what nature has bestowed, you've likely considered the subtle artistry of Botox and fillers. PrabotulinumtoxinA Moreover, their impressive track record of satisfied clients speaks volumes.
Here, your well-being is always the top priority. By injecting fillers into areas like the cheeks, lips, or under the eyes, you're essentially replenishing this lost volume, smoothing out wrinkles, and restoring youthful contours. Botox focuses on muscle activity, while fillers target volume loss.
The before-and-after photos she shared highlighted a remarkable, natural-looking rejuvenation that she credited as a significant morale booster. Whether it's supporting local schools or environmental initiatives, their community involvement is a testament to their belief that true beauty comes from within and radiates outward, touching more than just the individual but the whole community. With just a few clicks, you can secure your appointment and start your journey towards a more confident you.

Learn more about Experienced Botox injector New Westminster here
Facial fillers near me Experienced Botox injector New Westminster

Military Policlinic in Legionowo, Poland

A clinic (or outpatient clinic or ambulatory care clinic) is a health facility that is primarily focused on the care of outpatients. Clinics can be privately operated or publicly managed and funded. They typically cover the primary care needs of populations in local communities, in contrast to larger hospitals which offer more specialized treatments and admit inpatients for overnight stays.

Most commonly, the English word clinic refers to a general practice, run by one or more general practitioners offering small therapeutic treatments, but it can also mean a specialist clinic. Some clinics retain the name "clinic" even while growing into institutions as large as major hospitals or becoming associated with a hospital or medical school.

Etymology

[edit]
The entrance to a surgery clinic in Greenwich, London

The word clinic derives from Ancient Greek κλίνειν klinein meaning to slope, lean or recline. Hence κλίνη klinē is a couch or bed and κλινικός klinikos is a physician who visits his patients in their beds.[1] In Latin, this became clīnicus.[2][3]

An early use of the word clinic was "one who receives baptism on a sick bed".[4]

Overview

[edit]
A medpunkt (health care access point) delivers primary health care to the residents of the village of Veliki Vrag, Russia.

Clinics are often associated with a general medical practice run by one or several general practitioners. Other types of clinics are run by the type of specialist associated with that type: physical therapy clinics by physiotherapists and psychology clinics by clinical psychologists, and so on for each health profession. (This can even hold true for certain services outside the medical field: for example, legal clinics are run by lawyers.)

Some clinics are operated in-house by employers, government organizations, or hospitals, and some clinical services are outsourced to private corporations which specialize in providing health services. In China, for example, owners of such clinics do not have formal medical education. There were 659,596 village clinics in China in 2011.[5]

Health care in India, China, Russia and Africa is provided to those regions' vast rural areas by mobile health clinics or roadside dispensaries, some of which integrate traditional medicine. In India these traditional clinics provide ayurvedic medicine and unani herbal medical practice. In each of these countries, traditional medicine tends to be a hereditary practice.

Function

[edit]
Policlinic in Karl-Marx-Stadt, German Democratic Republic

The function of clinics differs from country to country. For instance, a local general practice run by a single general practitioner provides primary health care and is usually run as a for-profit business by the owner, whereas a government-run specialist clinic may provide subsidized or specialized[dubiousdiscuss] health care.

Some clinics serve as a place for people with injuries or illnesses to be seen by a triage nurse or other health worker. In these clinics, the injury or illness may not be serious enough to require a visit to an emergency room (ER), but the person can be transferred to one if needed.

Treatment at these clinics is often less expensive than it would be at a casualty department. Also, unlike an ER these clinics are often not open on a 24/7/365 basis. They sometimes have access to diagnostic equipment such as X-ray machines, especially if the clinic is part of a larger facility. Doctors at such clinics can often refer patients to specialists if the need arises.[6]

Large outpatient clinics

[edit]
Children Policlinic in Novokosino District of Moscow

Large outpatient clinics vary in size, but can be as large as hospitals.

Function

[edit]

Typical large outpatient clinics house general medical practitioners (GPs) such as doctors and nurses to provide ambulatory care and some acute care services but lack the major surgical and pre- and post-operative care facilities commonly associated with hospitals.

Policlinic in Vilnius-Karoliniškės, Lithuania

Besides GPs, if a clinic is a polyclinic, it can house outpatient departments of some medical specialties, such as gynecology, dermatology, ophthalmology, otolaryngology, neurology, pulmonology, cardiology, and endocrinology. In some university cities, polyclinics contain outpatient departments for the entire teaching hospital in one building.

Internationally

[edit]
Policlinic in Písek, Czech Republic

Large outpatient clinics are a common type of healthcare facility in many countries, including France, Germany (long tradition), Switzerland, and most of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe (often using a mixed Soviet-German model), as well as in former Soviet republics such as Russia and Ukraine;[7] and in many countries across Asia and Africa.[8]

In Europe, especially in the Central and Eastern Europe, bigger outpatient health centers, commonly in cities and towns, are called policlinics (derived from the word polis, not from poly-).

Recent[when?] Russian governments have attempted to replace the policlinic model introduced during Soviet times with a more western model. However, this has failed.[9]

In the Czech Republic, many policlinics were privatized or leasehold and decentralized in the post-communist era: some of them are just lessors and coordinators of a healthcare provided by private doctor's offices in the policlinic building.[10]

India has also set up huge numbers of polyclinics for former defense personnel. The network envisages 426 polyclinics in 343 districts of the country which will benefit about 33 lakh (3.3 million) ex-servicemen residing in remote and far-flung areas.[11]

Policlinics are also the backbone of Cuba's primary care system and have been credited with a role in improving that nation's health indicators.[12]

Mobile clinics

[edit]
Hinduja National Hospital's mobile clinic
A mobile health clinic operated from a truck

Providing health services through mobile clinics provides accessible healthcare services to these remote areas that have yet to make their way in the politicized space. For example, mobile clinics have proved helpful in dealing with new settlement patterns in Costa Rica. Before foreign aid organizations or the state government became involved in healthcare, Costa Rica's people managed their own health maintenance and protection.[13] People relied on various socio-cultural adaptations and remedies to prevent illnesses, such as personal hygiene and settlement patterns.[13] When new settlements that sprang up along the coast became "artificial" communities, and due to lack of traditional home healing practices here, alternative methods such as mobile clinics had to be implemented in these communities for the protection and prevention of diseases.[13]

A study done in rural Namibia revealed the health changes of orphans, vulnerable children and non-vulnerable children (OVC) visiting a mobile clinic where health facilities are far from the remote villages.[14] Over 6 months, information on immunization status, diagnosis of anemia, skin and intestinal disorders, nutrition, dental disorders was collected and showed that visits to mobile clinics improved the overall health of children that visited regularly. It concluded that specified "planning of these programs in areas with similarly identified barriers may help correct the health disparities among Namibian OVC and could be a first step in improving child morbidity and mortality in difficult-to-reach rural areas."[14]

A mobile clinic run from a pickup truck in Yemen

Food supplementation in the context of routine mobile clinic visits also shows to have improved the nutritional status of children, and it needs further exploration as a way to reduce childhood malnutrition in resource-scarce areas. A cross-sectional study focussed on comparing acute and chronic undernutrition rates prior to and after a food-supplementation program as an adjunct to routine health care for children of migrant workers residing in rural communities in the Dominican Republic.[15] Rates of chronic undernutrition decreased from 33% to 18% after the initiation of the food-supplementation program and shows that the community members attending the mobile clinics are not just passively receiving the information but are incorporating it and helping keep their children nourished.[15]

Types

[edit]
Storefront clinic in Manhattan

There are many different types of clinics providing outpatient services. Such clinics may be public (government-funded) or private medical practices.

  • A CLSC are in Quebec; they are a type of free clinic funded by the provincial government; they provide service not covered by Canada's healthcare plan including social workers
  • In the United States, a free clinic provides free or low-cost healthcare for those with little or without insurance.
  • A retail-based clinic is housed in supermarkets and similar retail outlets providing walk-in health care, which may be staffed by nurse practitioners.
  • A general out-patient clinic offers general diagnoses or treatments without an overnight stay.
  • A polyclinic or policlinic provides a range of healthcare services (including diagnostics) without need of an overnight stay
  • A specialist clinic provides advanced diagnostic or treatment services for specific diseases or parts of the body. This type contrasts with general out-patient clinics.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ κλινικός in A Greek–English Lexicon. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
  2. ^ clinicus in A Latin Dictionary. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
  3. ^ Partridge, Eric. Origins: A short etymological dictionary of modern English. Book Club Associates, 1966.
  4. ^ Clinic, Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary, 1913.
  5. ^ "Statistical Communiqué on the 2011 National Economic and Social Development". stats.gov.cn. National Bureau of Statistics of China. 22 February 2012. Archived from the original on 6 April 2012. Retrieved 5 September 2012.
  6. ^ "Clinic search engine tools to find the right Clinic". 123 clinic. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
  7. ^ NLH – Health Management – Policlinics. Retrieved 3 July 2008.[permanent dead link]
  8. ^ Google
  9. ^ Ershova I, Rider O, Gorelov V (December 2007). "Policlinics in London". Lancet. 370 (9603): 1890–1. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61793-0. PMID 18068500. S2CID 43512994.
  10. ^ David Rath: Trnitá cesta privatizace českého zdravotnictví, Hospodářské noviny, 10 September 1996
  11. ^ "199 Additional Polyclinics For Ex-Servicemen". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 26 May 2010.
  12. ^ Cuba's primary health care revolution: 30 years on, Bulletin of the World Health Organization
  13. ^ a b c Morgan, Lynn M. (February 1993). Community Participation in Health: The Politics of Primary Care in Costa Rica. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511558092. ISBN 978-0-521-41898-0. Retrieved 8 May 2020. cite book: |website= ignored (help)
  14. ^ a b Aneni, Ehimen; De Beer, Ingrid H.; Hanson, Laura; Rijnen, Bas; Brenan, Alana T.; Feeley, Frank G. (2013). "Mobile primary healthcare services and health outcomes of children in rural Namibia". Rural and Remote Health. 13 (3): 2380. ISSN 1445-6354. PMID 24016257.
  15. ^ a b Parikh, Kavita; Marein-Efron, Gabriela; Huang, Shirley; O'Hare, Geraldine; Finalle, Rodney; Shah, Samir S. (September 2010). "Nutritional Status of Children after a Food-Supplementation Program Integrated with Routine Health Care through Mobile Clinics in Migrant Communities in the Dominican Republic". The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 83 (3): 559–564. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0485. ISSN 0002-9637. PMC 2929051. PMID 20810820.

Wrinkles on the face and hands are a typical sign of aging

A wrinkle, also known as a rhytid, is a fold, ridge or crease in an otherwise smooth surface, such as on skin or fabric. Skin wrinkles typically appear as a result of ageing processes such as glycation,[1] habitual sleeping positions,[2] loss of body mass, sun damage,[3] or temporarily, as the result of prolonged immersion in water. Age wrinkling in the skin is promoted by habitual facial expressions, aging, sun damage, smoking, poor hydration, and various other factors.[4] In humans, it can also be prevented to some degree by avoiding excessive solar exposure and through diet (in particular through consumption of carotenoids, tocopherols and flavonoids, vitamins (A, C, D and E), essential omega-3-fatty acids, certain proteins and lactobacilli).[5]

Skin

[edit]

Causes for aging wrinkles

[edit]
A woman of European origin with facial wrinkles

Development of facial wrinkles is a kind of fibrosis of the skin. Misrepair-accumulation aging theory suggests that wrinkles develop from incorrect repairs of injured elastic fibers and collagen fibers.[6][7][8] Repeated extensions and compressions of the skin cause repeated injuries of extracellular fibers in derma. During the repairing process, some of the broken elastic fibers and collagen fibers are not regenerated and restored but replaced by altered fibers. When an elastic fiber is broken in an extended state, it may be replaced by a "long" collagen fiber. Accumulation of "long" collagen fibers makes part of the skin looser and stiffer, and as a consequence, a big fold of skin appears. When a "long" collagen is broken in a compressed state, it may be replaced by a "short" collagen fiber. The "shorter" collagen fibers will restrict the extension of "longer" fibers, and make the “long" fibers in a folding state permanently. A small fold, namely a permanent wrinkle, then appears.

Sleep wrinkles

[edit]

Sleep wrinkles are created and reinforced when the face is compressed against a pillow or bed surface in side or stomach sleeping positions during sleep.[9] They appear in predictable locations due to the underlying superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS), and are usually distinct from wrinkles of facial expression.[10] As with wrinkles of facial expression, sleep wrinkles can deepen and become permanent over time, unless the habitual sleeping positions which cause the wrinkles are altered.[11]

Water-immersion wrinkling

[edit]
A wrinkled finger after a warm bath

The wrinkles that occur in skin over prolonged exposure to water are sometimes referred to as pruney fingers or water aging. This is a temporary skin condition where the skin on the palms of the hand or feet becomes wrinkly. This wrinkling response may have imparted an evolutionary benefit by providing improved traction in wet conditions,[12] and a better grasp of wet objects.[13] These results were called into question by a 2014 study that failed to reproduce any improvement of handling wet objects with wrinkled fingertips.[14] However, a 2020 study of gripping efficiency found that wrinkles decreased the force required to grip wet objects by 20%, supporting the traction hypothesis.[15]

Prior to a 1935 study, the common explanation was based on water absorption in the keratin-laden epithelial skin when immersed in water,[16] causing the skin to expand and resulting in a larger surface area, forcing it to wrinkle. Usually the tips of the fingers and toes are the first to wrinkle because of a thicker layer of keratin and an absence of hairs which secrete the protective oil called sebum.

Adult sole showing water immersion wrinkling

In the 1935 study, however, Lewis and Pickering were studying patients with palsy of the median nerve when they discovered that skin wrinkling did not occur in the areas of the patients' skin normally innervated by the damaged nerve. This suggested that the nervous system plays an essential role in wrinkling, so the phenomenon could not be entirely explained simply by water absorption. Recent research shows that wrinkling is related to vasoconstriction.[17][18] Water probably initiates the wrinkling process by altering the balance of electrolytes in the skin as it diffuses into the hands and soles via their many sweat ducts. This could alter the stability of the membranes of the many neurons that synapse on the many blood vessels underneath skin, causing them to fire more rapidly. Increased neuronal firing causes blood vessels to constrict, decreasing the amount of fluid underneath the skin. This decrease in fluid would cause a decrease in tension, causing the skin to become wrinkly.[19]

This insight resulted in bedside tests for nerve damage and vasoconstriction. Wrinkling is often scored with immersion of the hands for 30 minutes in water or EMLA cream with measurements steps of 5 minutes, and counting the number of visible wrinkles in time. Not all healthy persons have finger wrinkling after immersion, so it would be safe to say that sympathetic function is preserved if finger wrinkling after immersion in water is observed, but if the fingers emerge smooth it cannot be assumed that there is a lesion to the autonomic supply or to the peripheral nerves of the hand.[20]

Other animals with wrinkles

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Examples of wrinkles can be found in various animal species that grow loose, excess skin, particularly when they are young. Several breeds of dog, such as the Pug and the Shar Pei, have been bred to exaggerate this trait. In dogs bred for fighting, this is the result of selection for loose skin, which confers a protective advantage.[21]

Techniques for reducing the appearance of aging wrinkles

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A man receiving a botox injection

Current evidence suggests that tretinoin decreases cohesiveness of follicular epithelial cells, although the exact mode of action is unknown. Additionally, tretinoin stimulates mitotic activity and increased turnover of follicular epithelial cells.[22] Tretinoin is better known by the brand name Retin-A.

Topical glycosaminoglycans supplements can help to provide temporary restoration of enzyme balance to slow or prevent matrix breakdown and consequent onset of wrinkle formation. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are produced by the body to maintain structural integrity in tissues and to maintain fluid balance. Hyaluronic acid is a type of GAG that promotes collagen synthesis, repair, and hydration. GAGs serve as a natural moisturizer and lubricant between epidermal cells to inhibit the production of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs).

Dermal fillers are injectable products frequently used to correct wrinkles, and other depressions in the skin. They are often a kind of soft tissue designed to enable injection into the skin for purposes of improving the appearance. The most common products are based on hyaluronic acid and calcium hydroxylapatite.

Botulinum toxin is a neurotoxin protein produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. Botox is a specific form of botulinum toxin manufactured by Allergan for both therapeutic and cosmetic use. Besides its cosmetic application, Botox is used in the treatment of other conditions including migraine headache and cervical dystonia (spasmodic torticollis) (a neuromuscular disorder involving the head and neck).[23]

Dysport, manufactured by Ipsen, received FDA approval and is now used to treat cervical dystonia as well as glabellar lines in adults. In 2010, another form of botulinum toxin, one free of complexing proteins, became available to Americans. Xeomin received FDA approval for medical indications in 2010 and cosmetic indications in 2011.

Botulinum toxin treats wrinkles by immobilizing the muscles which cause wrinkles. It is not appropriate for the treatment of all wrinkles; it is indicated for the treatment of glabellar lines (between the eyebrows) in adults. Any other usage is not approved by the FDA and is considered off-label use.

Laser resurfacing is FDA-cleared skin resurfacing procedure in which lasers are used to improve the condition of the skin.[citation needed] Two types of lasers are used to reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles on the face; laser ablation, which removes thin layers of skin, and nonablative lasers that stimulate collagen production. Nonablative lasers are less effective than ablative ones but they are less invasive and recovery time is short. After the procedure people experience temporary redness, itching and swelling.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Danby, FW (Jul–Aug 2010). "Nutrition and aging skin: sugar and glycation". Clin Dermatol. 4. 28 (4): 409–411. doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2010.03.018. PMID 20620757.
  2. ^ American Academy of Dermatology. "Causes of Aging". AgingSkinNet. American Academy of Dermatology. Retrieved 5 March 2013.
  3. ^ Cosmetic Procedures for Wrinkles
  4. ^ Anderson, Laurence. 2006. Looking Good, the Australian guide to skin care, cosmetic medicine and cosmetic surgery. AMPCo. Sydney. ISBN 0-85557-044-X.
  5. ^ Schagen, S. K.; Zampeli, V. A.; Makrantonaki, E.; Zouboulis, C. C. (2012). "Discovering the link between nutrition and skin aging". Dermato-Endocrinology. 4 (3): 298–307. doi:10.4161/derm.22876. PMC 3583891. PMID 23467449.
  6. ^ Wang, Jicun; Michelitsch, Thomas; Wunderlin, Arne; Mahadeva, Ravi (2009). "Aging as a consequence of Misrepair—a novel theory of aging". arXiv:0904.0575 [q-bio.TO].
  7. ^ Wang-Michelitsch, Jicun; Michelitsch, Thomas (2015). "Aging as a process of accumulation of Misrepairs". arXiv:1503.07163 [q-bio.TO].
  8. ^ Wang-Michelitsch, Jicun; Michelitsch, Thomas (2015). "Tissue fibrosis: a principal evidence for the central role of Misrepairs in aging". arXiv:1505.01376 [q-bio.TO].
  9. ^ Sarifakioglu, Nedim; Terzioglu, A.; Ates, L.; Aslan, G. (2004). "A New Phenomenon: 'Sleep Lines' on the Face". Scan J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg. 38 (4): 244–247. doi:10.1080/02844310410027257. PMID 15370809. S2CID 25307487.
  10. ^ Fulton, James E.; Gaminchi, F. (1999). "Sleep Lines". Dermatol Surg. 25 (1): 59–62. doi:10.1046/j.1524-4725.1999.08073.x. PMID 9935097.
  11. ^ Sarifakioglu, Nedim; Terzioglu, A.; Ates, L.; Aslan, G. (2004). "A New Phenomenon: 'Sleep Lines' on the Face". Scan J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg. 38 (4): 244–247 [246]. doi:10.1080/02844310410027257. PMID 15370809. S2CID 25307487.
  12. ^ Mark Changizi; Romann Weber; Ritesh Kotecha; Joseph Palazzo (2011). "Are Wet-Induced Wrinkled Fingers Primate Rain Treads?". Brain, Behavior and Evolution. 77 (4): 286–90. doi:10.1159/000328223. PMID 21701145.
  13. ^ Kareklas, Kyriacos; Nettle, Daniel; Smulders, Tom V (January 9, 2013). "Water-induced finger wrinkles improve handling of wet objects". Biol. Lett. 9 (2): 20120999. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2012.0999. PMC 3639753. PMID 23302867.
  14. ^ Haseleu, Julia; Omerbašić, Damir; Frenzel, Henning; Gross, Manfred; Lewin, Gary R. (2014). Goldreich, Daniel (ed.). "Water-Induced Finger Wrinkles Do Not Affect Touch Acuity or Dexterity in Handling Wet Objects". PLOS ONE. 9 (1): e84949. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...984949H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0084949. PMC 3885627. PMID 24416318.
  15. ^ Davis, N. (8 November 2020). "Water-immersion finger-wrinkling improves grip efficiency in handling wet objects". bioRxiv 10.1101/2020.11.07.372631.
  16. ^ "Dr Karl's Homework – Skin Wrinkles in Water (26/1/2000)". Abc.net.au. 2000-01-26. Retrieved 2019-04-30.
  17. ^ Einar P.V. Wilder-Smith; Adeline Chow (2003). "Water-immersion wrinkeling is due to vasoconstriction". Muscle & Nerve. 27 (3): 307–311. doi:10.1002/mus.10323. PMID 12635117. S2CID 45193684.
  18. ^ Einar P. V. Wilder-Smith (2004). "Water immersion wrinkling". Clinical Autonomic Research. 14 (2): 125–131. doi:10.1007/s10286-004-0172-4. PMID 15095056. S2CID 44938772.
  19. ^ H. Zhai, K.P. Whilem H. L. Maibach (2007). Dermatotoxicology. pp. 280–281.
  20. ^ G Alvarez, J Eurolo; P Canales (1980). "Finger wrinkling after immersion in water". British Medical Journal. 281 (6240): 586–587. doi:10.1136/bmj.281.6240.586-a. PMC 1713922. PMID 7427379.
  21. ^ The Dog Encyclopedia: The Definitive Visual Guide. Penguin. 15 August 2023. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-7440-8513-6.
  22. ^ Stefanaki C, Stratigos A, Katsambas A (June 2005). "Topical retinoids in the treatment of photoaging". J Cosmet Dermatol. 4 (2): 130–4. doi:10.1111/j.1473-2165.2005.40215.x. PMID 17166212. S2CID 44702740.
  23. ^ Brin MF, Lew MF, Adler CH, Comella CL, Factor SA, Jankovic J, O'Brien C, Murray JJ, Wallace JD, Willmer-Hulme A, Koller M (1999). "Safety and efficacy of NeuroBloc (botulinum toxin type B) in type A-resistant cervical dystonia". Neurology. 53 (7): 1431–8. doi:10.1212/WNL.53.7.1431. PMID 10534247.
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